OT Password Policy & RBAC
Regulatory Context: This module details the implementation of IACS UR E27 (Section 4.2). It focuses on the transition from static, shared credentials to a structured Identity and Access Management (IAM) framework suitable for Marine environments.
Onboard a vessel, the greatest vulnerability isn’t always a complex exploit; it is often the “admin/admin” default login on a ballast control HMI or a network switch. Hardening these identities is not just a best practice—it is a mandatory step for E27 Type Approval and Class Surveys.
The Challenge: Balancing Security and Safety
Legacy Constraints
Marine PLCs and HMIs often lack support for LDAP/Active Directory, forcing the management of “local accounts” across hundreds of disparate devices.
The Safety Paradox
Aggressive lockout policies (e.g., locking a screen after 1 minute) can impede crew response during a machinery failure or emergency maneuver.
1. Implementing RBAC (Role-Based Access Control)
IACS E27 requires that access is granted based on the “Principle of Least Privilege.” We categorize users into three distinct tiers to ensure no single user has unnecessary system-wide authority:
2. Tiered Complexity Standards
To satisfy class surveyors while remaining operational, we apply a tiered approach based on the device’s technical capability and its position within the Purdue Model.
| Asset Class | Complexity | Lockout Policy | Rotation Cycle |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tier 1: OS-Based ECDIS, AMS Servers, Gateways |
12+ Chars (Mixed) | 5 Attempts / 30 Min | 90 – 180 Days |
| Tier 2: Embedded PLCs, Local HMIs, Switches |
8-10 Chars (Alphanumeric) | Manual Reset Required | Upon Crew Change |
| Tier 3: Service Access OEM Remote Support |
16+ Chars (Unique) | Immediate Lockout | Per-Session (One-Time) |
3. Managing Credentials in Air-Gapped Environments
Because vessels operate in degraded or zero-connectivity environments, traditional cloud-based password managers are not feasible. A Vessel Credential Management Plan must be implemented:
- Onboard Offline Vault: Use a localized, encrypted database (e.g., KeePassXC) stored on a secured, non-networked workstation.
- Hardware Tokens: For high-risk systems like the Satellite Terminal or Firewall, consider physical Yubikeys for MFA.
Next Security Phase
MFA Implementation for Maritime OT
MFA Implementation for Maritime OT Regulatory Context: IACS UR E26 (Section 4.2.3) mandates Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) for all untrusted or remote network connections. This module addresses the technical challenge of implementing MFA in "Offli...